State of the World's Wildlife: Towards Mass Extinction?

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State of the World's Wildlife: Towards Mass Extinction?

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The journal Nature, the pre-eminent source of peer-reviewed wildlife studies, ended 2014 with an editorial warning that mass extinction of species "lies somewhere in the future if nations keep to their present course."

Read here:

Biodiversity: Life ­– a status report: http://www.nature.com/news/biodiversity ... rt-1.16523

Protect and serve: http://www.nature.com/news/protect-and-serve-1.16514


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Re: State of the World's Wildlife: Towards Mass Extinction?

Post by Dewi »

Scary prospect indeed.

Thanks for posting this Toko. \O


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22 413 species threatened with extinction

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Endangered creatures great and small

January 17 2015 at 02:50pm
By Sheree Bega

No one loves worms more than Savel Daniels. He is especially fond of the secretive, enigmatic kind. The kind that rank among the rarest on Earth, like the pink velvet worm, which was so imperilled that it was declared extinct in 1996.

It was Daniels, a Stellenbosch University zoologist, who would discover a new population of the hard-to-find bugs concealed inside a cluster of rotten logs in the moist Ngele mist-belt forest in KwaZulu-Natal just over a decade later.

“They are older than the dinosaurs,” says the evolutionary biologist, who still sounds awed by the critically endangered ancient creatures that resemble skinny caterpillars and who have changed little over the past 550 million years.

“It’s so exciting to find one because their lineage is so old. I don’t think most zoologists in the world have seen a velvet worm.”

To catch its prey, the velvet worm shoots a sticky string-like liquid from two tubes on its head, paralysing its prey. The worm then secretes digestive juices in the prey’s body, devouring it.

The enamoured Daniels is the first to tell you that up against the continuing slaughter of charismatic mammals such as rhinos and elephants, the plight of his favourite little worms, so named because of their velvet-like skin, largely goes unnoticed.

Critically endangered and endemic creatures like these often lead a fragile existence restricted to small pockets of South Africa. The pink velvet worm’s forest patch is encircled by the N2 in KwaZulu-Natal.

For these creatures, their smaller distribution ranges put them at much greater risk, because they are that much more susceptible to habitat destruction but they are often act as key flags for changing environmental conditions.

“We should look more holistically at what constitutes biodiversity in South Africa,” Daniels says.

“We typically only look at the money-spinners, the Big Five that attract tourists.

“But we need to study every level of the ecosystem to get a picture of the functionality of the ecosystem… at what services these little bugs provide.”

Daniels’s research has revealed how a large number of genetically distinct individuals can be found in one decaying log.

“It really emphasises the value of forest patches for conservation in South Africa. If these small little animals are highly endemic to these forest patches, it suggests other taxa (a unit used in biological classification) that have not been examined using genetics… also probably have a high level of endemicity,” he says.

Daniels, who is part of the university’s evolutionary genomics research group, studies velvet worms, limbless skinks, freshwater crab fauna and tortoises to document the “spectacular biological diversity of South Africa”.

Considering the country is rated as one of the most biodiverse-rich countries in the world, this is key “to aid their conservation”.

According to the latest Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), of the 76 199 species that have been assessed so far, 22 413 are threatened with extinction. The IUCN believes there could be millions more species that are awaiting discovery. But for over a quarter of the known species, their future is uncertain, and the IUCN warns that their loss has a price for humanity.

“Biodiversity loss is linked to so many of society’s ills, including increased frequency of natural disasters, climate change and food insecurity,” it says.

What most worries local conservationists like the scientific co-ordinator of the SA National Biodiversity Institute, Michèle Pfab, is the focus on saving charismatic species like the rhino while ignoring the precarious fate of so many more animals, plants and invertebrates.

“At the moment, we’re focusing on one species, the rhino. There’s no money for anything else. All the other species are neglected. Do we want a world with rhinos and nothing else? Or a lot of other stuff and no rhinos? Because we’re heading for a world with rhinos and nothing else. That’s very dangerous. That’s a very biodiverse-poor world without species.”

Provincial conservation authorities are severely under-resourced and under-capacitated. “What little money, what little people we have, is distracted by the rhino cause. The white rhino is not critically endangered. There are over 20 000 left. For some species, there are literally a handful of individuals left.”

She cites a rare, and ancient, blue-leafed cycad confined to a single granite mountain in Limpopo, which “nobody even knows”, that is being obliterated “to feed the demand of local cycad collectors”.

“Cycads go back to the time of the dinosaurs and have already survived three mass extinctions in Earth’s history but unless we do something about it they will not survive the advent of humankind,” Pfab says.

Beyond the rhino poaching crisis, there are thousands of other species threatened by urban development, mining and agriculture.

“If all our efforts are placed on one charismatic species – the rhino – we’re in danger of losing all the others.

“These smaller, lesser-known species are actually much more amazing, if you look at the plants, the invertebrates, at their crazy behaviour and how they reproduce.

“People are coming into our country to collect beetles, scorpions, reptiles, birds, which they sell on the internet or take out of the country. Often these creatures don’t survive. How many of the smaller things are going in the post, in parcels, at the bottom of suitcases, that we don’t even know about?”

Rynette Coetzee, a senior field officer of the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT), echoes these sentiments. “We need more funding to employ more people to find out what is happening with species such as the Colophon beetle, baboon spiders, flap-necked chameleons (and) leopard tortoises. We need to highlight the plight of wildlife in general not just certain species.

“One of the biggest problems is that our government departments that are mandated to protect our wildlife and ecosystems are battling with huge budget cuts, lack of staff capacity and lack of capacity in terms of vehicles, equipment and training to enforce the legislation that we have adequately.

“These departments are basically forced then to focus on certain species and because the rhino issue is so topical globally most of their resources are concentrated on trying to stop the eradication of one iconic species.”

Lientjie Cohen, a zoologist at the Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, who studies subterranean critically endangered golden moles, says creatures like these help “maintain the balance underground”.

“For us, it doesn’t look significant, but soil is the base of everything,” says Cohen.

“They perform a valuable ecosystem services, but we don’t know even know what they do for us.”

Matthew Child, a conservationist, who is compiling the EWT’s red-data list for mammals, says smaller animals “are not as sexy” as the larger mammals, the tourism drawcards. “This means, firstly, there is not a lot of money going around to survey them and, secondly, our protected areas are managed for the charismatic megafauna and often, in the process, can mismanage the microhabitats that are key for small mammal survival. This may have knock-on effects for our mesopredators (such as the serval, carcal and African weasel).

The “huge” lack of information, knowledge and intelligence on many local species makes their future that more unclear, according to Coetzee, who cites the removal of mountain aloes by “the truckload”, which are then sold at the roadside.

“Besides the fact we have no idea how many are left… because the opinion is that they are of least concern, nobody is paying attention to their removal.

“This is what happened with some of our cycads until it was too late and three species are now extinct. The old adage (applies) of while we were sleeping they quietly disappeared.”


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Re: State of the World's Wildlife: Towards Mass Extinction?

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15 endangered animals to watch in 2015
From endangered elephants and fragile giraffes to recuperating parrots and bats on the bubble, here are 15 wide-ranging wildlife species whose futures could be determined — for better or worse — in 2015.
Fri, Jan 16, 2015 at 09:00 AM

Humans are at a crossroads in our relationship with other wildlife. On one hand, we're helping cause what scientists increasingly describe as a mass extinction event, thanks to a combination of habitat loss, overhunting, invasive species, pollution and climate change. Yet we've also begun to demonstrate an ability — and, more importantly, a will — to save wild animals from ourselves.

It took a lot of extinctions to scare us straight, but after losing icons like the passenger pigeon, Tasmanian tiger and Caribbean monk seal, we began to take conservation more seriously last century — at least sometimes. Hunting laws and habitat protections helped avert the loss of several high-profile animals, from American alligators, bald eagles and gray wolves to Brazil's golden lion tamarin, India's Bengal tiger, South Africa's southern white rhino and a variety of baleen whales.

There are now 7 billion of us, though, and we're often more dangerous than we think. China's surging middle class has recently spiked demand for far-flung wildlife products like shark fins, rhino horns and elephant ivory, while logging and agriculture are devouring biodiversity hotspots in the Amazon and Indonesia. Plastic pollution plagues whales and sea turtles worldwide, and high-speed climate change is forcing countless creatures to adapt abruptly or die. Even some species we've already saved are backsliding, namely rhinos, elephants and others poached by international crime syndicates.

If you're an endangered animal, these are the best and worst of times. Humans may be your biggest threat and your best hope, with some poaching you at night by helicopter and others risking their own lives to defend yours. It's too early to know if we're seeing a full-blown mass extinction — Earth has had five such events before, but this would be the first in human history and the first with our help. Studies suggest the current pace of extinctions is thousands of times above the historical "background" rate, and if that keeps up, more than half of all known species could vanish over the next few centuries.

But thankfully we don't have to wait and see. We've proven ourselves capable of preventing extinctions when we commit to it, and that ability is more important than ever. So as we begin a new year, here's a look at 15 animals whose futures could be decided — for better or worse — in 2015:

Javan rhino
The species is no longer kept in captivity and barely exists in the wild.
Poaching and habitat loss now threaten all five surviving rhinoceros species, but none more so than the critically endangered Javan rhino. Once found across a swath of Southeast Asia from India to Indonesia, two of its three subspecies are now extinct, including a Vietnamese variety whose last member was killed by a poacher in 2010. That leaves about 40 individuals in Ujung Kulon National Park on the island of Java. Since no Javan rhinos exist in captivity, the fate of the species likely lies with these holdouts.

Vaquita
Vaquitas are famously shy, but their avoidance of boats doesn't protect them from vast gillnets draped in the water column.
At about 4 feet and 90 pounds, the vaquita is Earth's smallest porpoise. And with only 97 left, it's also the rarest. All remaining vaquitas live in a corner of Mexico's Sea of Cortez, where they're often fatally entangled in drift gillnets. Long used by shrimpers, these indiscriminate nets are also now popular with poachers seeking totoaba, a rare fish whose swim bladder is reputed in China to have medicinal value. Mexico has proposed banning gillnets to protect vaquitas, but since the country's notorious drug cartels are involved in totoaba poaching, experts warn weak enforcement could let vaquitas vanish by 2018.

Northern sportive lemur
Northern sportive lemurs are nocturnal, feeding on leaves at night and sleeping in trees during the day.
The northern sportive lemur has lost 80 percent of its total population in the past 21 years, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), leaving only an estimated 50 individuals to carry on the species. Its main threat is forest loss for firewood, charcoal production and eucalyptus plantations, along with some illegal hunting by humans for food. Its habitat now spans about 3 square miles (10 square kilometers) in northern Madagascar, and isn't part of any official protected area.

Hawksbill sea turtle
Hawksbills tend to hang around healthy coral reefs, where they eat sponges and other invertebrates.
The global population of hawksbill sea turtles fell 80 percent in the past century, depleted by decades of poaching, beach development and bycatch. While their overall numbers are still in decline, though, some populations are rebounding thanks to local conservation efforts, most notably in the Caribbean. The species' nest counts on Nicaragua's east coast grew 200 percent from 2000 to 2014, for example, while poaching decreased 80 percent. "Such increases provide hope for the future," the IUCN notes, "but unfortunately are still the exception rather than the rule. Similar results are needed elsewhere."

Amur leopard
Amur leopards have one to four cubs per litter, which typically leave their mother after 18 to 24 months.
The Amur leopard is an extremely rare subspecies, with only about 20 adults and six cubs still in the wild. Although it once prowled through eastern China and Korea, it's now limited to the Primorye region of Russia. There it faces an array of threats, including poaching for its fur, habitat loss, road traffic and climate change. Its tiny population is still in decline, according to the IUCN, and it has the lowest genetic diversity of any leopard subspecies. The related Amur tiger rebounded from fewer than 40 individuals a generation ago, however, giving conservationists hope the Amur leopard can pull off a similar feat.

Blue-throated macaw
A 2014 expansion of their protected habitat in Boliva has raised hopes for the last 120 wild blue-throated macaws.
Bolivia's blue-throated macaw is critically endangered due to the international pet trade, which caused its wild population to plummet in the 1970s and '80s. Bolivia banned live exports of the colorful parrots in 1984, yet deforestation has continued to squeeze the roughly 120 wild survivors. Those birds finally caught a break in early 2014, when the Barba Azul Nature Reserve — the species' only protected habitat and the home of its largest population — doubled in size from 12,350 acres to 27,180 acres.

Mountain gorilla
Fewer than 900 wild mountain gorillas are left in central Africa, about a third of which are full-grown adults.
Mountain gorillas are down to roughly 300 mature adults in two populations: the Virunga Mountains of Uganda, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo, and Uganda's Bwindi Forest. Long threatened by habitat loss and hunting, they've also fallen victim in recent decades to armed conflict among humans. A quarter of all wild mountain gorillas now live in Virunga National Park, where their rocky relationship with people, including the specter of oil drilling, was examined by the 2014 documentary "Virunga."

Sumatran elephant
Although Sumatran elephants are protected by Indonesian law, most of their remaining habitat is not.
The Sumatran elephant has lost nearly 70 percent of its potential habitat since 1985, according to the IUCN, increasingly leading to conflict with local human communities that can result in the elephants' relocation or death. Combined with the resurgent international scourge of ivory poaching, this has helped shrink the Sumatran elephant's total population to about 2,600 individuals, prompting a 2012 status update on the IUCN Red List from "endangered" to "critically endangered."

Nene goose
Nene numbers are rising, and in 2014 the goose nested on Oahu for the first time since at least the 1700s.
The nene goose is Hawaii's state bird, a descendant of Canada geese that flew to the islands hundreds of thousands of years ago. Some 25,000 lived there when Europeans arrived in 1778, but a mix of hunting, habitat loss, road collisions and invasive species reduced the species to just 30 birds by the 1950s. The nene was declared an endangered species in 1967, and a captive-breeding program was launched in the 1970s. The species has since grown to about 2,000 — including a nene couple that hatched three chicks on Oahu in 2014, the first of their kind to nest on that island in centuries.

Giraffe
Giraffe calves are about 6 feet tall at birth, and adults can grow to more than three times that height.
Giraffes aren't often cited as examples of at-risk African megafauna like elephants, rhinos or gorillas, but they probably should be. About 140,000 wild giraffes existed as recently as 1999, and there are now fewer than 80,000 — a 43 percent drop in 15 years. Not only are swaths of giraffe habitat being lost to agriculture, but climate change can promote lengthy droughts that compound other pressures, like an influx of elephant poachers seeking easy food and extra income from giraffe meat.

Indiana bat
The Indiana bat exists across the Eastern U.S., but it crams most of its population into relatively few colonies. That makes it vulnerable, and several episodes of people disturbing the bats during hibernation led to an endangered-species listing in 1967. The insect eaters are also at risk from pesticides, but their greatest threat may be white-nose syndrome (WNS), a strange fungal disease that has swept North America since 2006. Despite the ongoing danger of WNS, which can have a mortality rate as high as 100 percent, scientists have recently found hints that some bats may be able to develop resistance.

Iberian lynx
The Iberian lynx is a critically endangered species with just two known breeding populations, both in Spain, that total around 200 individuals. Humans spent decades hunting it and converting its habitat into farms, pasture, roads, dams and vacation homes, but the lynx's reliance on rabbits may be its undoing. It depends on rabbits for about 75 percent of its diet, and local rabbit populations have been sparse since outbreaks of myxoma virus in the 1950s and rabbit haemorrhagic disease in the '80s.

Kihansi spray toad
The Kihansi spray toad's only natural habitat is the waterfall spray zone in Tanzania's Kihansi Gorge. It once numbered around 17,000, but it dwindled after an upstream dam was built in 2000, cutting off 90 percent of the gorge's water flow. Although a sprinkler system helped, the beleaguered species soon succumbed to chytrid fungus, a major plague of amphibians worldwide. The toads were declared extinct in the wild in 2009, but by then scientists had saved enough to start a captive-breeding program at several U.S. zoos. That population grew from 500 to 6,000, allowing reintroduction to begin in 2012.

Kakapo
The flightless kakapo may be Earth's longest-lived bird — its average lifespan is 90 years — but it's also among the rarest. Once common across New Zealand, it has been obliterated in recent centuries by human hunters and especially by invasive cats and stoats from Europe. Rescue efforts began in the 1990s, with scientists relocating the birds to two remote islands where non-native predators had been removed. Today's population of about 125 kakapos is still deemed critically endangered, but the IUCN reported in 2013 the species' numbers are increasing, offering hope it can survive with human help.

Hawaiian monk seal
The ancient Hawaiian name for monk seals is ilio holo I ka uaua, or "dog that runs in rough water."
The Hawaiian monk seal was nearly hunted to oblivion in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a risk highlighted by the extinction of related Caribbean monk seals in the 1950s. The U.S. declared Hawaii's seals endangered in 1976, and set aside a large critical habitat in 1988. That protected the species from overhunting, but its remaining 1,200 seals still face threats such as marine debris, boat strikes, beach erosion and food shortages. Nonetheless, conservation efforts seem to be making a difference: The seals had 121 new pups in 2014, a baby boom that represents 10 per cent of the entire species.


{For photos of the animals, click on the headline to get to the origin of this article.}


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Re: State of the World's Wildlife: Towards Mass Extinction?

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Interesting! :shock:


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Re: State of the World's Wildlife: Towards Mass Extinction?

Post by nan »

lot and lot of species... :-(
too much O-/

what a world :X:


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Re: State of the World's Wildlife: Towards Mass Extinction?

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And the so called conservation authorities have their specials views on the value of biodiversity 0'
Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity richness is one of South Africa’s important natural assets as it provides goods and services which are vital for human well-being. The department is mandated to ensure the equitable and sustainable use, conservation, management and, where necessary, the restoration of this resource base as well as to mitigate threats to them as a basis for sustainable and inclusive socio-economic development.
...
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
The focus of the biodiversity and conservation programme is on the regulation and management of all biodiversity, heritage and conservation matters in a manner that ensures equitable and sustainable use, conservation, management and, where necessary, the restoration of this resource base as well as to mitigate threats to them as a basis for sustainable and inclusive socio-economic development facilitates sustainable economic growth and development. In this regard, the department’s medium term focus will be, on implementing the protected areas expansion strategy to ensure that all critical and endangered biodiversity, ecosystems and natural heritage areas are represented in the conservation and heritage estate; the development and implementation of policies and management plans to effectively manage and attract investment into this estate, particularly investment in infrastructure for trans-frontier and community based conservation areas to support sustainable economic development
(DEA Strategic and Annual Performance Plan http://pmg-assets.s3-website-eu-west-1. ... icplan.pdf)

Conservation is only seen as regulation of exploiting biodiversity, it's no longere about how to conserve something, but only about "use". 0'
Purpose of conservation: Ensure the regulation and management of all biodiversity, heritage and conservation matters in a manner that facilitates sustainable economic growth and development.
Purpose of conservation is economic growth 0- 0- 0-


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Species face extinction

Post by Lisbeth »

Climate change: 16% of species may disappear from the face of the world

Image

This report alleges 16% of our species are at risk of extinction. The reason: Climate change.

It reads: Due Current predictions of animal extinction risks from climate change vary widely depending on the specific assumptions and geographic and taxonomic focus of each study.

I synthesized published studies in order to estimate a global mean extinction rate and determine which factors contribute the greatest uncertainty to climate change–induced extinction risks. Results suggest that extinction risks will accelerate with future global temperatures, threatening up to one in six species under current policies. Extinction risks were highest in South America, Australia, and New Zealand, and risks did not vary by taxonomic group. Realistic assumptions about extinction debt and dispersal capacity substantially increased extinction risks. We urgently need to adopt strategies that limit further climate change if we are to avoid an acceleration of global extinctions.

Full report here!


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Re: Species face extinction

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Large Herbivores Face Extinction: Threatened Wildlife May Result to an ‘empty landscape’
3 May 2015

Scientists say that numerous populations of wildlife such as rhinoceroses, zebras, camels, elephants and tapirs are facing extinction in grasslands, savannahs, deserts, and forests.

William Ripple, a renowned professor in the College of Forestry at the Oregon State University leads an international team of wildlife ecologists that conducts an inclusive study of information pertaining to the world’s largest herbivores (more than 100 kilograms, or 220 pounds, on average), including outcomes of the declining population, main threats, and their endangerment status.

The team published their first observation on Friday in an open-access journal of Science Magazine called Science Advances.

For the study, the authors focused on 74 large herbivores – animals that rely on plant life for survival. The authors then concluded “without radical intervention, large herbivores (and many smaller ones) will continue to disappear from numerous regions with enormous ecological, social, and economic costs.”

The study was conducted when Ripple initiated a worldwide analysis on the large- carnivore decline, which goes together with the death of their herbivore prey.

“I expected that habitat change would be the main factor causing the endangerment of large herbivores,” Ripple said. “But surprisingly, the results show that the two main factors in herbivore declines are hunting by humans and habitat change. They are twin threats.”

BioScience, a journal published in 1992, became a reference for the scientists on the study of the decline of wildlife in tropical forests.

Kent H. Redford, the author and post-doctoral researcher at the University of Florida, first used the term “empty forest”. While increasing number of trees and other flora may exist, he stated that the loss of forest wildlife can cause a long-standing danger to those environments.

Ripple and his associates went a step further on their study.

“Our analysis shows that it goes well beyond forest landscapes,” he said, “to savannahs and grasslands and deserts. So we coin a new term, the empty landscape.”

Land-dwelling herbivores comprise about 4,000 known types and they exist in numerous environments except Antarctica.

Developing countries such as Southeast Asia, India, and Africa, comprise the highest number of endangered large herbivores. Europe (the European bison) comprises of only one large herbivore while there are none in North America, in which the authors stated that it has “already lost most of its large mammals” through primitive hunting and environmental changes.

Herbivore hunting transpires for two main reasons: meat ingestion and global trading of animal parts. The authors wrote that approximately 1 billion people survive on wild meat.

Ripple stated, “The market for medicinal uses can be very strong for some body parts, such as rhino horn.”

He added, ”Horn sells for more by weight than gold, diamonds or cocaine.”

In 2011, the existence of Africa’s western black rhinoceros was completely wiped out from the face of the earth.

Taal Levi, co-author and assistant professor in Oregon State’s Department of Fisheries and Wildlife stated that the reason for the decrease of some large herbivores is that they “are difficult to remedy in a world with increasing human populations and consumption.”

“But it’s inconceivable that we allow demand for horns and tusks to drive the extirpation of large herbivores from otherwise suitable habitat,” Levi said. “We need to intensify the reduction of demand for such items.”

The authors wrote that the death of large herbivores indicate that other parts of wild bionetworks will weaken.

The probable outcomes include: insufficiency of food for giant carnivores such as lions and tigers; reduced seed distribution for plants; more common and strong wildfires; sluggish circulation of nutrients from plant life to the soil; environmental changes for smaller wildlife, including birds and amphibians.

“We hope this report increases appreciation for the importance of large herbivores in these ecosystems,” said Ripple. “And we hope that policymakers take action to conserve these species.”

In order to understand the outcomes of large herbivore decline, the authors encourages people to do a synchronized research endeavour on endangered species especially in developing countries. Additionally, local people must also engage in solving the problem on the falling off of large herbivores. . “It is essential that local people be involved in and benefit from the management of protected areas,” they write. “Local community participation in the management of protected areas is highly correlated with protected area policy compliance.”

Source: http://www.ktvz.com/news/study-large-he ... e/32765070


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Re: Species face extinction

Post by Mel »

This made it even to news in Germany...


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