TIGERS

[Lisbeth]

India's tiger population rises above 3 000

09 Apr 2023

India's wild tiger population - by far the largest in the world - has risen above 3 000, according to a census released on Sunday, boosting efforts to conserve the endangered species.

The largest of all cats, tigers once roamed throughout central, eastern and southern Asia.

But in the past 100 years the tiger has lost more than 93% of its historic range and now only survives in scattered populations in 13 countries, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The Indian census found 3 167 tigers in the wild across the country, up from 2 967 reported in the last such count.

Surveys are conducted every four years, using camera traps and computer programs to individually identify each creature.

The rate of increase has slowed to less than seven percent over the period, down from more than 30% in the previous four years.

But Prime Minister Narendra Modi said the new count was a "proud moment".

"Our family is expanding," he said at a ceremony in the southern city of Mysuru. "This is a success not only for India but the entire world."

Deforestation, poaching and human encroachment on habitats have devastated tiger populations across Asia but Modi said India had been able to increase its numbers thanks to "people's participation" and the country's "culture of conservation".

India is now home to 75% of the global tiger population and also the "largest tiger range country in the world", he added.

In 1900, more than 100 000 tigers were estimated to roam the planet. But that fell to a record low of 3 200 in 2010.

That year, India and 12 other countries with tiger populations signed an agreement to double their big cat numbers by 2022.

India is believed to have had a tiger population of around 40 000 at the time of independence from Britain in 1947.

That fell over subsequent decades to about 3 700 in 2002 and an all-time low of 1 411 four years later, but numbers have since risen steadily.

[nan]

one free among a few others

India 16.3.2006

[nan]

World Tiger Day

Bengal Tiger - Ranthambore 23.3.2006

Ranthambore (Inde) 25.3.2006

[Lisbeth]

South Africa cited in global report that seeks to end captive tiger breeding


Captive tigers in the Berlin Zoo. (Photo: Wiki Commons)

By Don Pinnock | 07 Jan 2024

Leading environmental organisations, including the WWF, Environmental Investigation Agency, Panthera, Wildlife Justice Commission and Four Paws, have produced a roadmap to end the captive breeding of endangered tigers. The report shows how South Africa, a major breeder, could exit tiger farming.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nearly 9,000 tigers are being bred in more than 300 facilities in Asia for the commercial sale of their cubs, skins and body parts as well as adult tigers. The numbers for South Africa’s “tiger farms” are unknown as tigers are considered exotic in SA and do not fall under protection legislation, but they are believed to be considerable.

The scale of South African “tiger farms” can be gauged from trade figures. Between 2011 and 2020, South Africa exported 358 live tigers and 93 tiger body parts. Most of these went to Vietnam, China and Thailand. During that time, 54 tiger “trophies” were exported — 27 to China, the rest to Bangladesh, Pakistan and Poland. These statistics, compiled by Four Paws, show that tigers are being bred for both hunting and commercial exploitation.

In answer to a question in Parliament in May 2022, Environment Minister Barbara Creecy said her department estimated there were 70 facilities in SA keeping tigers. However, a year later, she denied that tigers were being exported for commercial purposes.


Phase-out planning for captive tigers.

The previous environment minister, Edna Molewa, flagged the problem in an answer in 2017, saying tigers were alien to South Africa and not regulated by biodiversity or protected species regulations. The department therefore did not keep statistics on tiger or breeder numbers or hunting.

In a report titled Roadmap to Closing Captive Tiger Facilities of Concern, leading environmental organisations, including the WWF, Environmental Investigation Agency, Panthera, Wildlife Justice Commission and Four Paws, produced a roadmap to end the captive breeding of endangered tigers. The report shows how South Africa, a major breeder, could exit tiger farming.

The report says, “There are significant concerns around captive tiger facilities and their role in the tiger trade in Myanmar, South Africa, and some EU Member States, as well as the large captive tiger population in the United States.”

According to the document, tiger farming is a significant animal welfare problem, with issues including indiscriminate breeding, overcrowding, inappropriate housing systems, genetic abnormalities causing acute suffering, cruel practices perpetuated to better control animals, inhumane slaughtering practices, poor diet and the early removal of cubs from mothers.



Tiger farming also stimulates demand, posing a threat to wild tigers.

“Given the illegal activities and conservation problems attributed to such operations,” says the report, “we recommend that States phase out captive tiger facilities of concern, whilst preventing the creation or growth of further such facilities.” It sets out the steps to do this:

• End the commercial trade in tigers;

• End the illegal trade in tigers and their parts and products;

• Take action to immediately prevent the continued acquisition and breeding of captive tigers;

• Ensure that jurisdiction over captive tiger facilities is vested with central or federal-level authorities;

• Make a central authority licence required to own captive tigers;

• Institute effective management and monitoring systems;

• Make frequent and unannounced inspections by relevant authorities;

• Ensure rigorous enforcement of laws prohibiting the ownership of tigers of illegal origin or without registration;

• Ensure no captive breeding facilities are established primarily for commercial purposes masquerading as scientific or conservation entities;

• Conduct a thorough audit of all captive tiger facilities;

• No compensation to be given to tiger breeders, as a compensation package could potentially be a financial incentive encouraging further breeding;
  Draft phase-out plans; and

• Put in place a clear timeline.

South Africa’s Department of Environment is in the process of phasing out captive lion breeding. These steps provide useful guidelines for this process as well as for winding down tiger breeding. DM

[nan]

[Lisbeth]

UN award for Nepal’s tiger range restoration spurs euphoria amid challenges

Nepal achieved a remarkable feat in conservation efforts recently, with the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) Initiative being recognized as one of the seven World Restoration Flagships by the U.N. for successfully restoring 66,800 hectares (165,000 acres) of forest and nearly tripling the tiger population over the past 20 years, reports Abhaya Raj Joshi.



This recognition opens doors for the country to receive technical and financial support to restore another 350,000 hectares (865,000 acres) of forest in both Nepal and India — forests that are home to elephants, rhinos, gharials, hispid hares, sloth bears, and 500 species of birds, as well as Bengal tigers.

“In addition to restoring the forests, the TAL initiative also helped restore important transboundary corridors between India and Nepal through community-based forest conservation for the movement of wild animals such as tigers and rhinos,” said Dipak Gyawali, deputy director-general of Nepal’s Department of Forest and Soil Conservation.

The task ahead isn’t easy, however. The initiative faces significant hurdles in maintaining its conservation momentum, including the Nepali people’s aspirations for better infrastructure, addressing human-wildlife conflict, and lack of clear government policy.



“As we move forward, this challenge will also grow as the number of wild animals as well as people will increase," said Bed Kumar Dhakal, deputy director-general at the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.

Nonetheless, the award should go a long way toward encouraging the people who built the initiative and also in building awareness among policymakers.

Click on the title to read the full article, which is part of Mongabay’s Wildlife Conservation series.

[Lisbeth]

Behind bars — South Africa’s tiger farming crisis and its hidden global implications


A tiger in captivity. (Photo: Four Paws)

By Don Pinnock | 05 Dec 2024

South Africa is the biggest exporter of tigers in the world and, as pressure increases on captive lion breeding, tiger numbers are expected to rise.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
There’s something deeply distressing about the most powerful and beautiful cat in the world staring vacantly from behind bars or a diamond mesh fence. A farmed tiger is really not a tiger at all, but an assembly of marketable parts awaiting export. In South Africa, on industrial-scale farms, hundreds can expect that fate.



Tyger Tyger, burning bright,

In the forests of the night;
Human hand and greedy eye

Has dimmed thy fearful symmetry.

With apologies to William Blake

South Africa is the biggest exporter of tigers in the world and, as pressure increases on captive lion breeding, tiger numbers are expected to rise. In answer to a question in Parliament in 2020, then minister of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Barbara Creecy, said there were 70 facilities keeping tigers in the country.

There have been no recent questions to establish how many there are at present. Being non-indigenous and outside strict policy and regulation, it’s difficult to know.

In answer to another question, the minister said her department did not keep statistics on registered breeders, tigers in captivity or hunted tigers because they were not indigenous animals.

Tiger breeding facilities are located in all provinces, with most in North West. They include captive Bengal, white and Siberian tigers.

Digging for information

A report by the conservation NGO Four Paws, South Africa’s Out-of-Control Big Cat Industry, says 626 tigers are known to be in captivity, but this excludes KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga where numbers were not available. Many more than this are probably to be on breeding farms, some of them Vietnamese-owned.

The EMS Foundation discovered via a Promotion of Access to Information Act (Paia) request, that 40 live tigers were recently exported from South Africa to a single destination in India.

“This may be the largest shipment of tigers ever to be exported,” says Michele Pickover, CEO of the foundation. “It just shows the massive scale of tiger breeding in South Africa, and it’s only getting bigger.”

Tigers are endangered (there are estimated to be only about 5,500 in the wild) which makes them valuable — and profitable. Conservation has resulted in a 40% increase in the wild population since 2021, but it still represents a huge drop from 100,000 about a century ago.

Between 2000 and 2018, the remains of 2,359 tigers were seized globally in more than 1,100 incidents. Many of these had ties to South African farming operations.


Young Sumatran tigers in captivity. (Photo: EPA-EFE/MACIEJ KULCZYNSKI)

According to the Four Paws report, this trade involves a convoluted web of legal loopholes, fragmented regulations and criminal networks.

Breeding farms cater to global markets, particularly in China and Vietnam, where tigers are used for traditional medicine, wine and tonics, jewellery, décor and pets. No part is wasted; their bones are boiled down to a paste, their skins treated and hung up to dry and their teeth and claws are extracted and polished.

The report has identified a large network of commercial breeders, middlemen and traders who operate both legally and illicitly. Facilities open to the public, offering cub-petting experiences, are key indicators of constant breeding cycles. Declawed tigers, crossbred hybrids, and animals exhibiting unnatural behaviours are common sights, says the report, highlighting the inhumane conditions they endure.


Tiger trade links. Graphic: Four Paws

Missing data

Disturbingly, South Africa lacks a centralised registry to track tiger births, deaths and trade. Provincial regulations vary wildly. While some provinces demand permits for transport or sale, others have no rules at all. This disjointed oversight allows criminal groups to exploit legal ambiguities, facilitating the trafficking of big cats and their derivatives.

While national laws like the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act ostensibly regulate activities involving big cats, exemptions and inconsistent enforcement leave gaping loopholes.

For instance, tigers legally imported before October 2020 are exempt from permit requirements, creating a grey area that traffickers can exploit. Moreover, provincial regulations vary widely, with some regions lacking any rules on the keeping, breeding or trade of big cats.

“The presence of other carnivores in captivity, particularly tigers,” says Dr Mark Jones, Head of Policy at the Born Free Foundation, “indicates an emerging trend that may replace lions under industry pressure”.

“By failing to clamp down on the escalating captive breeding and export of tigers and tiger parts and derivatives, South Africa is not only allowing the continued suffering of hundreds if not thousands of sentient animals, but also undermining the efforts of tiger range states to protect the fragile remaining populations of wild tigers. Action must be taken to shut this industry down without delay.”

Illegal markets

The commercial trade in tiger parts has been globally banned since 1975 under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Despite this, the illegal market persists, posing significant threats to wild tiger populations. South Africa’s role in this trade is particularly concerning, as it undermines international conservation efforts.

NGO Traffic’s Wildlife Trade Portal documented 98 separate seizures of big cats or their parts between 2004 and 2024, including cases where tiger carcasses were misdeclared as lion bones or even engine parts to evade scrutiny.

While tiger farming in South Africa is legal, as live animals and their body parts move East they increasingly enter trafficking networks.

According to an extensive study by the Wildlife Justice Commission, the tiger trafficking community in Southeast Asia is closely connected and operates cohesively, ensuring a steady supply of clients and product.


A tiger in the wild . (Photo: Wiki Commons)

Many traffickers also have access to ivory, rhino horn, pangolins, bears, primates and rosewood, indicating that they are not specialised but deal in a variety of high-value wildlife commodities.

In a report entitled Year of the Tiger two years ago, Kieran Harkin of Four Paws flagged the tiger trade in South Africa as being of concern.

“It is clear that South Africa is overtly allowing tigers and other big cats to be intensively bred for a commercial trade in their body parts,” she wrote. “This is unacceptable as the farming of tigers for commercial trade has detrimental effects on wild tiger populations.”

She called on the South African government to shut down the big cat breeding industry to help reverse the decline of all big cats, and not just tigers.

At the time, the report noted that an average of 36 live tigers a year had been exported over a 10-year period, as well as 54 tiger hunting trophies. Between 2018 and 2024, the recent Four Paws report found 30 incidents related to illegal trade and the seizure of big cats (including lions, tigers and leopards) within or from South Africa.

Problems of enforcement

Even when laws exist, they are rarely enforced. Authorities seldom visit commercial tiger farms, says Four Paws, and records of births, deaths and trade are largely absent.

This regulatory vacuum not only facilitates the illegal trade of big cat parts, but also undermines global conservation efforts, as South African exports feed the demand that drives poaching and trafficking worldwide.

Four Paws found interlinked tiger syndicates operating in the Free State, North West and Limpopo that have direct connections to Asian markets and advertise tiger derivatives online. They also sell tiger parts and offer cub-petting experiences, which require constant breeding. Some have links to the trade in rhino horn.

South Africa’s government has taken some steps toward reform.

In 2024, the Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment published a revised National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act policy aimed at better defining animal wellbeing and sustainable use. However, this revision has yet to be promulgated.

Similarly, a ministerial task team recommended ending the captive lion industry, including intensive breeding and commercial exploitation. While these initiatives are promising, their focus on lions leaves other big cats — particularly tigers — vulnerable.

Proposals

To combat the escalation of tiger farming and export, Four Paws has called for urgent reforms:

• Ban commercial trade: End all commercial breeding and trade of big cats and their parts, with a complete phase-out of captive facilities by 2030.

• Strengthen regulations: Establish a centralised database for monitoring all captive big cats, incorporating microchip tracking, DNA registration, and unannounced inspections.

• Close Loopholes: Harmonise provincial regulations to eliminate inconsistencies that allow illegal trade to flourish.

• Global Cooperation: Align South Africa’s policies with international standards, particularly the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and lead global advocacy for stricter protections for big cats.

Public Awareness: Educate consumers about the devastating impact of the exotic animal trade to reduce demand for big cat products. DM

[Richprins]

Interesting!

[Lisbeth]

SA government continues to defend odious trade in tigers, perpetuating their suffering in captivity

Adam Cruise - Daily Maverick | 22.04.2025

By sticking to a narrow interpretation of export permit requirements, Minister of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment Dion George is missing a golden opportunity to end the rampant exploitation of tigers in South Africa, and create international goodwill.


A tiger in the wild. Between 2016 and 2021 nearly 200 live tigers were exported from South Africa. (Photo: Wiki Commons)

An article in Daily Maverick about a mutilated and malnourished tiger on a breeding farm in North West highlights the growing concern over South Africa’s captive-bred tiger population. They are farmed at a scale that has made the country the largest exporter of tigers in the world.

According to the Department Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment’s (DFFE) ministerial task team report of 2024, 626 tigers are known to be kept in captivity in South Africa, often in squalid conditions. No data was received from KwaZulu-Natal or Mpumalanga, so the number could be higher. Tigers are largely bred for trophy hunting, trade in their bones for the tiger wine market in South East Asia and live export.

Tiger farming is a significant animal welfare problem, with issues including indiscriminate breeding, crowding, inappropriate housing systems, genetic abnormalities causing acute suffering, inhumane slaughtering practices, poor diet and early removal of cubs from mothers.

Between 2016 and 2021 nearly 200 live tigers were exported from South Africa.

More recently, a Promotion of Access to Information Act request by the EMS Foundation revealed that in May 2024 a batch of 40 tigers was exported to a single destination in India alone. Although the size of the shipment is surely indicative of its commercial purpose, Environment Minister Dion George does not appear to consider this to be the case, as indicated in his answer to a parliamentary question on 29 November 2024 where no reference was made to this export.

Unregulated tiger farming

South Africa’s national and provincial regulations are already a confusing patchwork for big cat species, but when it comes to tigers and other non-indigenous cats there appears to be a glaring omission.

Tigers are listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), so with fewer than 2,500 wild tigers left, the species is threatened with extinction and therefore any commercial international trade in them and their body parts is prohibited.

However, in response to parliamentary questions in 2022, the DFFE said CITES regulations do not apply to South Africa because the country is not a range state for tigers. Tigers are not protected under South Africa’s Threatened or Protected Species (TOPS) regulations because they are non-indigenous.

In a follow-up parliamentary question in November 2024, George reiterated his department’s position, saying that their view “remains unchanged”. And then, in April 2025 (responding to another parliamentary question), the minister deftly avoided taking any responsibility for investigating whether tigers are indeed commercial by saying that “there are no commercial breeding operations for tigers in South Africa that are registered with CITES” and that he “has no evidence that the tigers are exported for commercial purposes because the permits are issued by provincial authorities, and the DFFE is not informed about the decision”.


Minister of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment Dion George at the National Stakeholder Consultation in Johannesburg on 28 October 2024, in the run-up to COP29. (Photo: Gallo Images / Luba Lesolle)

The minister’s interpretation of CITES regulations is likely to be incorrect since the regulations on tigers are explicitly directed to all countries, not just range states. The CITES Secretariat also issued this directive, which was published on 6 August 2024, stating: “Parties with intensive operations breeding tigers on a commercial scale shall implement measures to restrict the captive population to a level supportive only to conserving wild tigers; tigers should not be bred for trade in their parts and derivatives.”

George has countered this, stating that “South Africa will not prepare the recommended report to facilitate the work of CITES in conserving tigers in the wild” again, reiterating that “facilities that keep tigers in South Africa do not export tigers for commercial purposes”.

Could this mean South Africa is in contravention of international regulations? That the body of the mutilated tiger in North West, which was euthanised by the NSPCA, was prevented from being removed by the owner because as he himself said “that’s money”, underscores that there is a commercial trade. The same farmer has an additional 81 tigers on his breeding farm and has a history of alleged animal welfare abuses going back to 2019, with investigations by the NSPCA and the Hawks.

Also, exotic or not, all species listed under CITES appendices must require a permit for their export or import. For a permit to be issued, a non-detriment finding (NDF) is required. There has been no NDF for tigers in South Africa. Furthermore, the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, and the Alien and Invasive Species Regulations, 2020 made under it, actually does regulate the import, keeping, breeding, killing and translocation of alien species, and therefore includes exotic big cats. It is further possible for non-indigenous species to be listed as “protected species” in terms of TOPS, but this has never been done.

The Animals Protection Act (APA) also provides for the protection of wild exotic animals. Section 10 specifically empowers the minister of agriculture to, inter alia, “make regulations relating to… the method and form of confinement and accommodation of any animal” as well as “any other reasonable requirements which may be necessary to prevent cruelty to or suffering of any animal”. However, no such regulations have been made. Surely, it is long overdue that these powers are used to prevent the ongoing suffering of tigers (and other animals in captivity)?

This has tended to confuse the issue, with both departments deferring to the other when it comes to tiger farming. In other words, neither is taking responsibility for the cruelty to tigers.

The ‘zoo’ loophole

Under CITES regulations captive-bred tigers are allowed to be internationally traded under certain regulations, notably to zoos, as long as it is for non-commercial purposes such as for educational and conservation benefits. But commercial tiger breeders and traders are exploiting this loophole by placing a CITES Z-Purpose Code (Zoo) on the export certificates, instead of T-Purpose Code (Commercial).

The problem is also that there is no definition of what a zoo is under CITES. Instead, it appears that the trade to zoos is happening under the loose belief that all zoos must be for conservation and education. Not only is this often not the case, but even where this may exist, the commercial aspects predominate.


This female tiger had chewed away part of her front legs at a North West breeding facility. (Photo: NSPCA)

However, despite this, time and again commercial operations have been able to import critically endangered Appendix I species by claiming to be a zoo. These facilities are often commercial enterprises, using animals for entertainment shows and exchanging significant sums of money in doing so. The problem, therefore, is that there is quite clearly a lack of understanding as to what rules apply.

On the supply side, CITES Resolution Conf. 12.10 (Rev. CoP15) does, however, explicitly direct countries to register any facilities that breed tigers in captivity for commercial purposes. To date, there are no tiger-breeding facilities listed in the CITES register for South Africa. Although, according to the minister, the DFFE has sent a list of facilities that breed tigers to the CITES Secretariat, but then reiterates that these facilities do not breed tigers for commercial purposes. The minister appears to be resolutely sticking to his position that tigers are not exported for commercial purposes despite having no evidence apart from the code on the CITES export permit to support this position.

Illegal trade

There have been significant seizures and cases within and from South Africa for almost a decade where organised criminal groups were exposed to the authorities as being involved in the illegal trade of big-cat parts. TRAFFIC’s Wildlife Trade Portal lists almost 100 separate cases of big cats and/or big-cat parts that were seized within or exported from South Africa between 2004 and 2024. More recent trends in seizures show that Vietnamese citizens are working with South Africans for the procurement of big-cat parts for export.

In sticking to a very narrow interpretation of the CITES regulations, and failing to introduce appropriate protective regulations, South Africa is enabling the trade in tigers, and perpetuating their suffering in captivity. From a conservation perspective, the operation and scale of these captive-tiger facilities are a significant obstacle to the protection and recovery of wild tiger populations.

The question is why South Africa continues to defend this odious trade which benefits only a handful of breeders to the detriment of wild tiger populations and our international conservation image. DM

original source: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article ... in-tigers/